Bell, Graham (2008). Selection: The Mechanism of Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 367–368. ISBN 978-0-19-856972-5.
Okasha, S. (2008). "Biological altruism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 7 năm 2013.
Teske, Nathan (2009). Political Activists in America: The Identity Construction Model of Political Participation. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 101. ISBN 9780271035468.
Ciciloni, Ferdinando (1825). A Grammar of the Italian Language. London: John Murray. p. 64.
Nicholas B. Davies; John R. Krebs; Stuart A. West (ngày 9 tháng 4 năm 2012). "11". An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 307–333. ISBN 978-1-4443-3949-9.
Alcock, John (2009). Animal Behavior (9th ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0878932252.
Robert L. Trivers (1971). "The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 46 (1): 35–57. doi:10.1086/406755. JSTOR 2822435.
Williams, G.C. (1972) Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton University Press.ISBN 0-691-02357-3
Maynard Smith, J. (1964). "Group selection and kin selection". Nature. 201 (4924): 1145–1147. Bibcode:1964Natur.201.1145S. doi:10.1038/2011145a0.
See the chapter God's utility function in Dawkins, Richard (1995). River Out of Eden. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-06990-3.
Dawkins, R. (1994). "Burying the Vehicle Commentary on Wilson & Sober: Group Selection". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 17 (4): 616–617. doi:10.1017/s0140525x00036207. Archived from the original on ngày 15 tháng 9 năm 2006.
Dennett, D.C. (1994). "E Pluribus Unum? Commentary on Wilson & Sober: Group Selection". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 17 (4): 617–618. doi:10.1017/s0140525x00036219. Archived from the original on ngày 27 tháng 12 năm 2007.
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour, I and II". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7: 1–16, 17–32. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4. PMID 5875341.
Grafen, A. (1984) Natural selection, kin selection and group selection. In Krebs, J.R. & Davies, N.B. (Eds.) ‘' Behavioural Ecology. An Evolutionary Approach. (p. 70-71). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 0632009985
Maynard Smith, J. (1989). "Evolution in structured populations.". Evolutionary Genetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 173–175. ISBN 978-0198542155.
Trivers, R.L. (1971). "The evolution of reciprocal altruism". Quarterly Review of Biology. 46: 35–57. doi:10.1086/406755.
Emlen, S.T. (1984) Cooperative breeding in birds and mammals. In Krebs, J.R. & Davies, N.B. (Eds.) " Behavioural Ecology. An Evolutionary Approach. " (pp. 328–329). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 0632009985
West Eberhard, M.J.. (1975). "The evolution of social behaviour by kin selection". Quarterly Review of Biology. 50: 1–33. doi:10.1086/408298.
Dawkins, R. (1989). "You scratch my back, I'll ride on yours.". The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 183–185. ISBN 978-0192860927.
Axelrod, R.; Hamilton, W.D. (1981). "The evolution of cooperation". Science. 211 (4489): 1390–1396. Bibcode:1981Sci...211.1390A. doi:10.1126/science.7466396. PMID 7466396.
Sigmund, K. (1993). Games of Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 180–206. ISBN 9780198546658.
Maynard Smith, J. (1989). "Evolution in structured populations". Evolutionary Genetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 168–169, 181–183. ISBN 978-0198542155.
Godfray, H.C.J. (1992). "The evolution of forgiveness". Nature. 355 (6357): 206–207. Bibcode:1992Natur.355..206G. doi:10.1038/355206a0.
Novak, M.; Sigmund, K. (1993). "Chaos and the evolution of cooperation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (11): 5091–5094. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5091N. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.11.5091. PMC 46660. PMID 8506355.
Koeslag, J.H. (1997). "Sex, the Prisoner's Dilemma Game, and the evolutionary inevitability of cooperation". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 189 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1006/jtbi.1997.0496. PMID 9398503.
Zahavi, Amotz (1975). "Mate selection—a selection for a handicap". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 53 (1): 205–214. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.3819. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(75)90111-3. PMID 1195756.
Zahavi, Amotz (1977). "The cost of honesty (Further remarks on the handicap principle)". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 67 (3): 603–605. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(77)90061-3. PMID 904334.
Zahavi, Amotz (1997). The handicap principle: a missing piece of Darwin's puzzle. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510035-8.
Grafen, A. (1990). "Biological signals as handicaps". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 144 (4): 517–546. doi:10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80088-8. PMID 2402153.
Johnstone, RA; Grafen, A (1993). "Dishonesty and the handicap principle". Anim. Behav. 46 (4): 759H. Carl 764. doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1253.
Hockey, P.A.R., Dean, W.R.J., Ryan, P.G. (2005) Roberts Birds of Southern Africa, p. 176, 193. Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town.
Symons, D. (1979) The Evolution of Human Sexuality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Langlois, J.H.; Roggman, L. (1990). "Attractive faces are only average". Psychol. Sci. 1 (2): 115–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00079.x.
Koeslag, J.H. (1990). "Koinophilia groups sexual creatures into species, promotes stasis, and stabilizes social behaviour". J. Theor. Biol. 144 (1): 15–35. doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80297-8. PMID 2200930.
Unnikrishnan, M.K.; Akhila, H.S. (2014). "The phenotypic differences between carrion and hooded crows across the hybridization zone in Europe are unlikely to be due to assortative mating. Comment on Poelstra, J.W. et al. (2014). The genomic landscape underlying phenotypic integrity in the face of gene flow in crows". Science. 344 (6190): 1410–1414. Bibcode:2014Sci...344.1410P. doi:10.1126/science.1253226. PMID 24948738.
Koeslag, J.H. (2003). "Evolution of cooperation: cooperation defeats defection in the cornfield model". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 224 (3): 399–410. doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(03)00188-7. PMID 12941597.
Noë, R., & Voelkl, B. (2013). "Cooperation and biological markets: The power of partner choice". In K. Sterelny, R. Joyce, B. Calcott, B. Fraser (Eds.), Cooperation and its evolution (pp. 131–151). Cambridge, MA US: The MIT Press.
Bshary, R., & Noë, R. (2003). "Biological markets: The ubiquitous influence of partner choice on the dynamics of cleaner fish-client reef fish interactions". In P. Hammerstein (Ed.), Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation (pp. 167–184). Cambridge, MA US: MIT Press.
Barelii, C; Reichard, U; Mundry, R (2011). "Is grooming used as a commodity in wild white-handed gibbons, Hylobates lar?". Animal Behaviour. 82 (4): 801–809. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.07.012.
Mech, L.David (2003). Wolves: Behavior,Ecology and conservation. university of Chicago press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-226-51696-7.
Allchin, Douglas (September 2009). "The evolution of morality". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 2 (4): 590–601. doi:10.1007/s12052-009-0167-7.
Hohmann, Ulf; Bartussek, Ingo; Böer, Bernhard (2001). Der Waschbär (in German). Reutlingen, Germany: Oertel+Spörer. ISBN 978-3-88627-301-0.
Brosnan, S.; Silk, J. B.; Henrich, J.; Mareno, M.; Lambeth, S. P.; Schapiro, S. J. (2009). "Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) do not develop contingent reciprocity in an experimental task". Animal Cognition. 12 (4): 587–597. doi:10.1007/s10071-009-0218-z. PMC 2698971. PMID 19259709.
De Waal, Frans (1996). Good Natured. Harvard University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-674-35660-3.
Perry, Julie (ngày 19 tháng 4 năm 2002). "Reciprocal Altruism in Vampire Bats". Archived from the original on ngày 20 tháng 9 năm 2009. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 10 năm 2009.
Cheney, D. L.; Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). How monkeys see the world: Inside the mind of another species. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10246-7.
Davidson College, biology department (2001) Bottlenose Dolphins – Altruism Archived ngày 6 tháng 1 năm 2010, at the Wayback Machine, article retrieved ngày 11 tháng 3 năm 2009. Archived version
Pitman, Robert L. (2017). "Humpback whales interfering when mammal‐eating killer whales attack other species: Mobbing behavior and interspecific altruism?". Marine Mammal Science. 33: 7–58. doi:10.1111/mms.12343.
Krueger, Konstanze; Schneider, Gudrun; Flauger, Birgit; Heinze, Jürgen (2015). "Context-dependent third-party intervention in agonistic encounters of male Przewalski horses". Behavioural Processes. 121: 54–62. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2015.10.009. PMID 26478251.
Brown, David (ngày 17 tháng 8 năm 2007). "Birds' Cooperative Breeding Sheds Light on Altruism". The Washington Post. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 4 năm 2010.
Fackelmann, Kathy A. (1989). "Avian altruism: African birds sacrifice self-interest to help their kin – white-fronted bee eaters". Science News.
Daniels, R.A. "Nest Guard Replacement in the Antarctic Fish Harpagifer bispinis: Possible Altruistic Behavior." Science, New Series. Vol. 205 No. 4408: (1979): p. 831–833.
Bordereau, C., Robert, A., Van Tuyen V. & A. Peppuy (1997). "Suicidal defensive behavior by frontal gland dehiscence in Globitermes sulphureus Haviland soldiers (Isoptera)". Insectes Sociaux. 44 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1007/s000400050049.
J. Emmett Duffy (1996). "Eusociality in a coral-reef shrimp" (PDF). Nature. 381 (6582): 512–514. Bibcode:1996Natur.381..512D. doi:10.1038/381512a0.
J. Emmett Duffy; Cheryl L. Morrison; Kenneth S. Macdonald (2002). "Colony defense and behavioral differentiation in the eusocial shrimp Synalpheus regalis" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 51 (5): 488–495. doi:10.1007/s00265-002-0455-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on ngày 3 tháng 8 năm 2015.
Parker, P.G.; et al. (1998). "What molecules can tell us about populations: Choosing and using a molecular marker". Ecology. 79 (2): 361–382. doi:10.2307/176939. JSTOR 176939.
W. D. Hamilton (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour I". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4. PMID 5875341.
W. D. Hamilton (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour II". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7 (1): 17–52. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6. PMID 5875340.
